Price-Volume-Mix Analysis | A Comprehensive Guide

Price-Volume-Mix (PVM) analysis is a fundamental tool in financial management and business intelligence. It allows companies to understand exactly why their revenue changed between two periods by decomposing the total variance into distinct, actionable components.

This analytical method is crucial for:

  • Strategic decision-making
  • Performance evaluation
  • Stakeholder communication
  • Budget planning and forecasting

The Core Concept

When revenue changes from one period to another, three main factors can be responsible:

  1. Price Effect: Did we sell at higher or lower prices?
  2. Volume Effect: Did we sell more or fewer units?
  3. Mix Effect: Did we sell relatively more high-value or low-value products?

Understanding which of these factors drove the change is essential for management to make informed decisions.

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World Population Growth | OurWorldInData.org

The world population has changed dramatically over the last few centuries. Let’s examine long-run population data to understand this change and how quickly the world’s population is growing today.

The global population growth rate peaked long ago. The chart shows that global population growth peaked in 1962 and 1963 with an annual growth rate of 2.2%; however, since then, world population growth has halved.

For the last half-century, the population growth rate has been declining. The UN projects that this decline will continue in the coming decades.

A common question we’re asked is: is the global population growing exponentially? The answer is no.

Population growth is determined by births and deaths. Every country has seen very substantial changes in both: mortality and fertility rates have fallen across the world.

However, declining mortality rates and declining fertility rates alone do not explain why populations grow. If these changes happened at the same time, the size of the population would not increase. What is crucial is the timing at which mortality and fertility change.

The model that explains why countries go through a period of rapid population growth is called the ‘demographic transition’. It is shown in the schematic figure. It is a beautifully simple model that describes the observed pattern in countries worldwide and is one of the great insights of demography.

Source 1: https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth-over-time
Source 2: https://ourworldindata.org/demographic-transition

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CO2 Emissions per Capita | OurWorldInData.org

CO2 emissions are typically measured on the basis of ‘production’. This accounting method – which is sometimes referred to as ‘territorial’ emissions – is used when countries report their emissions, and set targets domestically and internationally.

In addition to the commonly reported territorial emissions statisticians also calculate ‘consumption-based’ emissions. These emissions are adjusted for trade. To calculate consumption-based emissions we need to track which goods are traded across the world, and whenever a good was imported we need to include all CO2 emissions that were emitted in the production of that good, and vice versa to subtract all CO2 emissions that were emitted in the production of goods that were exported.

Consumption-based emissions reflect the consumption and lifestyle choices of a country’s citizens.

The following chart compare CO2 emissions with GDP per capita. As the GDP is based on the country production, this data compare territorial production (GDP) with territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country’s borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced.

Source 1 : https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2
Source 2 : https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-vs-gdp

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Map | US Regions

The classification of United States regions has sparked ongoing debate for decades. The challenge stems from a fundamental mismatch: geographic and cultural boundaries rarely align neatly with state lines. For truly accurate regional divisions, states would need to be subdivided—a Texas panhandle resident, after all, may have more in common with Oklahoma than with coastal Houston.

In practice, achieving consensus on regional definitions proves nearly impossible. Different organizations—from the Census Bureau to cultural geographers—draw the lines differently depending on their purposes. What follows is probably the most widely recognized approach to dividing America into regions.

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Guide Complet : Construction d’une Maison Énergétiquement Efficiente en Suisse

Table des matières

  1. Planification et conception
  2. Choix du terrain et implantation
  3. Architecture bioclimatique
  4. Isolation thermique
  5. Étanchéité à l’air et ventilation
  6. Fenêtres et ouvertures
  7. Systèmes de chauffage et refroidissement
  8. Énergies renouvelables
  9. Matériaux écologiques
  10. Gestion de l’eau
  11. Réglementation et certifications suisses
  12. Budget et financement
  13. Choix des professionnels
  14. Suivi de chantier
  15. Maintenance et optimisation
  16. Spécificités régionales suisses
  17. Construction future-proof : Viser les standards de 2075
Continue reading “Guide Complet : Construction d’une Maison Énergétiquement Efficiente en Suisse” →
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Connaitre son exposition solaire

ShadowMap

Simulation d’ensoleillement sur 365 jours par an, permet de voir les opportunités d’économie d’énergie, planifier des améliorations et trouver les zones ensoleillées.

ToitSolaire.ch

Permet de découvrir combien d’électricité et de chaleur votre toit peut produire, sur la base de l’ensoleillement annuel, détaillé par mois. Fonctionne aussi pour les façades. Site officiel suisse, ne couvrant que le territoire national.

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Evolution of Human Height in the World | OurWorldInData.org

Poor nutrition and illness in childhood limit human growth. As a consequence, the average height of a population is strongly correlated with living standards in a population. This makes the study of human height relevant for historians who want to understand the history of living conditions.

Because the effect of better material living standards is to make people taller, human height is used as an indirect measure of living standards. It is especially relevant for the study of living conditions in periods for which little or no other data is available — what historians refer to as the pre-statistical period.

It is important to stress that height is not used as a direct measure of well-being. The variation of height within a given population is largely determined by genetic factors.1

The history of human height allows us to track progress against undernourishment and disease and makes it possible to understand who started to benefit from modern advancements and when.

Source and more detailed information: https://ourworldindata.org/human-height

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Best Online Periodic Table | Ptable.com

Ptable.com is a dynamic, web-based periodic table of elements that offers a powerful and intuitive interface for students, educators, and professionals alike. Unlike traditional printed tables, Ptable updates in real-time and integrates data-rich content like element properties, isotopes, and historical data, all presented in a highly interactive and user-friendly format.

Notable features:
• Instant data access – Hover over or click any element to see detailed information including properties, electron configurations, and oxidation states.
• Multiple views – Switch between physical, atomic, orbital, and isotopic views to suit your learning or research needs.
• Multilingual support – Available in dozens of languages, making it accessible to a global audience.
• Real-time updates – Constantly maintained with up-to-date scientific information.
• Mobile-friendly – Works smoothly across devices without needing to install anything.

Year of discovery comparison

Ptable.com – Focus on year of discovery (the elements in white were not discovered on 1999)

Boiling point comparison

Ptable.com – Focus on boiling point for each element on a linear scale (you can change the color or the type of scale)
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Les Vers de terre pèsent plus lourd que tous les autres animaux réunis !


Les vers de terre constituent la moitié de la biomasse animale terrestre.

1. Le poids écrasant des vers de terre

Un monopole inattendu
Selon une étude publiée dans PNAS (2018, voir source en bas de ce post), les vers de terre représentent environ 1,2 milliard de tonnes métriques, soit 50% de la biomasse animale terrestre totale.

En comparaison (voir tableau plus bas) :
• Le bétail domestique (vaches, porcs, moutons) pèse 600 millions de tonnes (25%).
• Les humains atteignent 60 millions de tonnes (2,5%).
• Tous les mammifères sauvages (éléphants, loups, cerfs) ne totalisent que 20 millions de tonnes (0,8%).

Cette domination s’explique par leur densité phénoménale : dans une prairie fertile, on peut trouver jusqu’à 1 million de vers par hectare, pesant collectivement 1 à 3 tonnes.

Pourquoi une telle abondance ?
• Une adaptation parfaite : Présents sur tous les continents (sauf déserts et glaciers).
• Un cycle de vie rapide : Certaines espèces produisent 100 œufs par an.
• Peu de prédateurs directs : Les taupes et oiseaux en mangent, mais pas assez pour limiter leur expansion.

Continue reading “Les Vers de terre pèsent plus lourd que tous les autres animaux réunis !” →
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Dragon Ball | Mangas et Films

Mangas

TitreVolumesDatesCanonScénarioPériode
Dragon Ball421984–1995✅ToriyamaEnfance de Goku → Fin de l’arc Boo
Dragon Ball Super242015–en cours✅ToriyamaPost-arc Boo (avant l’épilogue de DBZ)
Jaco the Galactic Patrolman12013🔶ToriyamaPréquel (lié à l’origine de Goku)
Dragon Ball Minus12014✅ToriyamaOrigine de Goku (intégré à Broly)
Dragon Ball SD (Super Deformed)102010–en cours❌OoishiParodie des arcs classiques
Légende :

✅ Canon : Fait partie de l’histoire principale approuvée par Toriyama.
🔶 Semi-canon : Éléments partiellement intégrés (ex : Jaco explique des détails de Super).
❌ Non-canon : Œuvres dérivées sans impact sur la timeline officielle.

Continue reading “Dragon Ball | Mangas et Films” →
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Maps of Pre-Columbian Civilizations

Pre-Columbian civilizations refer to the societies and cultures that thrived in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. These civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca, developed advanced knowledge in architecture, astronomy, agriculture, and governance, leaving a lasting impact on history despite their decline following European colonization.

Source: Britannica

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Petite Histoire de Responsabilité

 

C’est l’histoire de quatre individus : Chacun, Quelqu’un, Quiconque et Personne.

Un travail important devait être fait, et on avait demandé à Chacun de s’en occuper :

  • Chacun était assuré que Quelqu’un allait le faire.
  • Quelqu’un s’est emporté parce qu’il considérait que ce travail était la responsabilité de Chacun.
  • Chacun croyait que Quiconque pouvait le faire, mais Personne ne s’était rendu compte que Chacun ne le ferait pas.

À la fin, Chacun blâmait Quelqu’un, du fait que Personne n’avait fait ce que Quiconque aurait dû faire.

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